Native Crab Apples and Their Cultivated Varieties

Indigenous to North America there are several species of Pyrus belong to the Malus or apple group. Sargent, in his Silva of North America, gives three species and one variety. These are P. rivularis Doug., found west of the Rocky Mountains from northern California to Alaska; P. angustifolia Ait., ranging from Pennsylvania to Tennessee and Florida; P. coronaria L., in the region from New York to Michigan, southward and westward to Missouri and Kansas; P. coronaria var. Iowensis, Wood, confined to the prairie states. In the American Garden, XII, 473, 1891, Professor Bailey raised var. Iowensis to specific rank, basing his decision upon fruit and leaf characteristics, and in the same article described the Soulard crab as a species. Later, however, he expressed it as his opinion that the latter is a hybrid, so according to the present classification, we have the four species, P. rivularis, P. angustifolia, P. coronaria, and P. Iowensis

Conceptualising spirituality for medical research and health service provision

The need to take account of spirituality in research and health services provision is assuming ever greater importance. However the field has long been hampered by a lack of conceptual clarity about the nature of spirituality itself. We do not agree with the sceptical claim that it is impossible to conceptualise spirituality within a scientific paradigm. Our aims are to 1) provide a brief over-view of critical thinking that might form the basis for a useful definition of spirituality for research and clinical work and 2) demystify the language of spirituality for clinical practice and research

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Botanical Explorers of the Southeastern United States

The southeastern United States, and in particular the part now embraced within the state of Florida, is an unusual area from the standpoint of its plant life. Here nature with a lavish hand scattered far and wide an unrivaled flora. It has no counterpart either in the United States or in the whole world. The number of species is great and individual specimens of the higher plants so numerous that in the pristine condition they completely covered the surface of the soil on all but the poorest lands. In support of this statement it may be added that there are known to be more than 3,500 flowering plants (3,512 are listed in Small’s Manual) and there are 314 trees, all native to Florida alone. By way of further emphasis, attention is called to 8 pines, 5 magnolias, 27 oaks, 15 hollies and 17 sunflowers native in Florida

Some Peculiarities in Puccinia teleutospores

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